Mongolia Population
Mongolia had an estimated population of 3,568,978 in mid-2025 (World Bank), making it the 132nd most populous of 217 countries and territories, with 0.04% of everyone alive. The counter above projects that figure forward at the current growth rate of +1.25% a year.
Mongolia at a glance
How Mongolia's population is changing
Mongolia's population is growing: +1.25% a year, which works out to about +44,466 people per year, or +122 a day. Births (16.9 per 1,000) and deaths (5.5 per 1,000) alone would give +1.14% a year; net migration adds about 79 people a year (+0.00%). Roughly one in every 2,302 people on Earth lives in Mongolia.
Population of Mongolia since 1960
In 1960, Mongolia had 977,595 people. By 2025 that was 3,568,978 — 3.7× larger. The fastest growth came between 1960 and 1970, when the population rose by 32%.
| Year | Population | Change vs previous row |
|---|---|---|
| 1960 | 977,595 | — |
| 1970 | 1,295,272 | +32.5% |
| 1980 | 1,701,335 | +31.3% |
| 1990 | 2,098,710 | +23.4% |
| 2000 | 2,388,299 | +13.8% |
| 2010 | 2,738,622 | +14.7% |
| 2020 | 3,327,204 | +21.5% |
| 2025 | 3,568,978 | +7.3% |
Mongolia from 1800 to 2100
Modelled estimates put Mongolia at about 600,000 people in 1800; the UN estimates 3,517,097 in 2025 (6× 1800) and projects 5,519,346 for 2100 in its medium scenario. That is still 57% growth over the rest of this century.
| Year | Population | Kind |
|---|---|---|
| 1800 | 600,000 | modelled estimate |
| 1850 | 647,952 | modelled estimate |
| 1900 | 696,737 | modelled estimate |
| 1950 | 781,691 | UN estimate |
| 2000 | 2,455,182 | UN estimate |
| 2025 | 3,517,097 | UN projection |
| 2050 | 4,501,492 | UN projection |
| 2075 | 5,146,736 | UN projection |
| 2100 | 5,519,346 | UN projection |
Country live/base figures use World Bank estimates; this historical/future chart uses a separate UN series and need not match the World Bank base in overlapping years. Before 1950: HYDE 3.3 / Gapminder reconstructions via Our World in Data — historical modelling, not censuses. 1950–2023: UN World Population Prospects 2024. 2024–2100: UN medium projection. Open the time machine to see the whole map in any year.
Largest listed places in Mongolia
10 records sorted by displayed base population. Definitions vary (province/administrative unit, UN urban centre or GeoNames settlement); this is not a harmonised city ranking. Shares use World Bank 2025 country population 3,568,978. Dates and boundaries may differ. Overlapping entities are not summed.
| # | Place | Population | Definition | Share | Source / reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ulan Bator | 844,818 | GeoNames settlement | 23.67% | GeoNames settlement record; Population reference date not supplied in local record |
| 2 | Erdenet | 88,490 | UN urban centre | 2.48% | UN DESA, World Urbanization Prospects 2025; 2025 annual estimate |
| 3 | Darhan | 83,883 | GeoNames settlement | 2.35% | GeoNames settlement record; Population reference date not supplied in local record |
| 4 | Choibalsan | 44,835 | GeoNames settlement | 1.26% | GeoNames settlement record; Population reference date not supplied in local record |
| 5 | Nalayh | 39,579 | GeoNames settlement | 1.11% | GeoNames settlement record; Population reference date not supplied in local record |
| 6 | Mörön | 39,404 | GeoNames settlement | 1.10% | GeoNames settlement record; Population reference date not supplied in local record |
| 7 | Bayanhongor | 30,931 | GeoNames settlement | 0.87% | GeoNames settlement record; Population reference date not supplied in local record |
| 8 | Ulaangom | 30,092 | GeoNames settlement | 0.84% | GeoNames settlement record; Population reference date not supplied in local record |
| 9 | Khovd | 29,800 | GeoNames settlement | 0.83% | GeoNames settlement record; Population reference date not supplied in local record |
| 10 | Arvayheer | 29,420 | GeoNames settlement | 0.82% | GeoNames settlement record; Population reference date not supplied in local record |
How Mongolia compares
Mongolia has almost the same population as Eritrea (3,607,003).
| Rank | Country | Population | vs Mongolia | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| #130 |  Croatia | 3,876,200 | +9% | compare → |
| #131 |  Eritrea | 3,607,003 | +1% | compare → |
| #133 |  Uruguay | 3,384,688 | −5% | compare → |
| #134 |  Puerto Rico | 3,184,835 | −11% | compare → |
Compare Mongolia with any country →
Same region (East Asia & Pacific): China, Indonesia, Japan, Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand.
Explore around Mongolia
Land neighbours (2)
China 1,406,585,000 · 394.1× the population · compare
Russia 143,513,328 · 40.2× the population · compare
Mongolia's 2 neighbours together hold 1,550,098,328 people — 434.3× Mongolia's population. The most populous is China (1,406,585,000).
In its region
Mongolia is the 18th most populous of the 37 economies in East Asia & Pacific, holding 0.2% of the region's 2,367,527,180 people.
Rankings featuring Mongolia
Cities
Ulan Bator, Erdenet, Darhan, Choibalsan, Nalayh, Mörön, Bayanhongor, Ulaangom — all Mongolia's cities on the map.
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About these numbers
Population, growth, birth and death rates, migration, density, age structure, life expectancy, fertility and GDP per capita come from the World Bank Indicators API (latest available year shown beside each figure). The live counter applies the annual growth rate continuously from 1 July 2025 — a model, not a measurement. City populations are the latest census or official estimate held by GeoNames and are not projected. Sub-city units are folded into their parent city.
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Read this country carefully
This page is a structured reference entry. Its sources, geographic definition and reference dates determine what the figures mean; it is not independent reporting about the causes of change. Read the accompanying explanation before comparing different places or vintages.